The Life of Charles Curtis - Article No. I (b)

WHITE PLUME

(Nom-Pa-Wa-Ra - He who scares all men)

White Plume was born about 1763 and was past seventy years of age when he died. He was described by Catlin as "A very urbane and hospitable man of good, portly size, speaking some English and making himself good company for all persons who travel through his country and had the good luck to shake his liberal and hospitable hand". Father P. J. De Suit, the Jesuit Missionary, in speaking of White Plume said, "Among the chiefs of this tribe are found men really distinguished in many respects. The most celebrated is White Plume".

John I. Irving in his Indian sketches says, "His hair was raven black and his eyes as keen as a hawk's. He was White Plume -Chief of the Kansas Nation".

White Plume was head Chief of the Kansas Tribe of Indians and was one of the ablest and most progressive Indians of his day. He became a warm friend to Lewis and Clark and was of great help to them in their work among the Indians of that section of the country. He was the first Indian Chief for whom the Government built a stone house in the Territory of Kansas.

Before White Plume became head Chief of the Kansas Indians he married a daughter of Pawhuska. The oldest daughter of White Plume married Louis Gonvil, a Frenchman who was an Indian trader and a man who had been reared among the Indians of the Plains. As a result of this marriage there were two daughters; Josette and Pelagie Gonvil. After the death of his first wife Louis Gonvil married the second daughter of White Plume, and as a result of this second marriage two children were born; Julie and Victorie Gonvil. These four daughters are mentioned in the Treaty between the United States and the Kansas Indians, made at the city of Saint Louis in 1825, and each of these daughters were given an allotment of one mile of land on the north bank of the Kansas River. Kaw mile four, upon which North Topeka, Kansas, is now located was ceded to Julie Gonvil. These four daughters married French Traders. Julie married Louis Pappan, who had been sent to trade with the Indians of the Plains by the American Fur Company. His people originally came from the North of France to Canada and from there they moved to St. Louis. Members of the old Pappan family still live in St. Louis.

After the marriage of Julie Gonvil to Louis Pappan they built a log house on the north side of her allotment and lived there until they removed to the Kansas Reservation near Council Grove, Kansas. There were seven children born as the result of this marriage. The eldest daughter, Helene Pappan, when old enough was sent to St. Louis to be educated.

The Life of Charles Curtis - Article No. I (a)

If you need to start at the beginning - it is here.....Where to begin

In the years when the North American Indian ruled supreme over all of our country there lived west of the Mississippi two strong and powerful tribes of Indians: the Osages and the Kanza (Kansas or Kaw). These tribes had their enemies among the smaller tribes of the Plains but they were dominant over their respective domains until after the Louisiana Purchase by the United States and until the Government began making treaties with them for the relinquishment of their lands which they held by the right of occupancy. History does not tell us from whence they came but they were in possession and each claimed by the right of occupancy a vast domain which by means of many a hard fought battle with the other wild tribes of the Plains, they were able to retain.

When the United States became the owner of the lands covered by the Louisiana Purchase, it took the same subject to the rights of the Indians. The Osages occupied lands covering a large part of what is now the states of Missouri, Arkansas, and the southern part of Kansas. The Kansas Indians occupied lands north and west of the Osages and held lands from a little east of the mouth of the Kansas River west into what is now a part of Colorado and north into the state of Nebraska, and claimed a small strip in western Missouri, covering a part of the state in and around what is now known as Independence and Kansas City.

The authorities say that these two tribes were at one time supposed to make up one great tribe as their language and habits are quite similar and they were always friendly.  The members intermarried so that many families are of the blood of both tribes. There was an old legend among the Kaws that at one time there had grown up among the Osages a young and mighty leader who was ambitious. He was dissatisfied with the way the older chiefs of the Osages ruled the tribe and he and his followers made a fight against these older in power. He was defeated and he and his followers were driven across the Kansas River.  He refused to rejoin the old tribe and he and those who followed and remained with him were given the name of Kanza or Kaw, and they remained as a separate tribe thereafter.

All the old reports of the agents of the French Government and of the Indian traders and trappers tell how the British, immediately after the Louisiana Purchase, sent their trusted half breeds and other agents among the Osages, Kansas and other Indian Tribes who lived within the Purchase and attempted to win them over to the British.  But, the fact remains that when Lewis and Clark made their historic trip among the western Indian tribes they found the Osages in possession of that section of the country now covered by the State of Missouri, with their main village near the mouth of the Kansas River and they found the Kansas Indians in their village on the Kansas side at the mouth of the Kansas River. It is written that when the Pathfinders visited these two tribes they found them to be friendly to the United States. One report says that as they came in sight of the village of the Kansas Indians, which was on a high bluff or hill on the west side of the Kansas River where it emptied into the Missouri River, they saw the flag of the United States waving over the wigwam of the head Chief.  They reported that they were given a hearty welcome.

In the early days, Pa-hus-ca (now spelled Pawhuska) was the Head Chief of the Osage Tribe of Indians; he was known as White Hair and was a strong man and a great leader of his people. It is claimed that he signed the treaties of 1808, 1815, 1818, 1822 and 1825. He died soon after the signing of the last treaty. After his death and after the tribe was placed on a reservation in the old Indian Territory, they named the Capitol of their Nation after him. Pawhuska is still the principal town in Osage County, Oklahoma, which covers the lands formerly within the Osage Reservation.

A Study of the Life of Charles Curtis

If you'd prefer to begin by jumping right into the stories of Charles Curtis - scroll down to Article I.

But, first I thought I'd share a bit with you about why I am posting his stories - and that is included in the following paragraphs.

I live on the outskirts of what was once Kaw or Kanza tribal lands.  Well, the truth is all of the land around me was once roamed and claimed by the tribe and many other neighboring and competing tribes. What I am saying is that I live very close to the small piece of ground that was assigned to the tribe in 1847 - to be theirs forever more (or as it turned out, until someone else wanted it).  In 1873, the tribe was relocated one last time - destitute and dying - being sent south to live beyond the borders of Kansas in what was then referred to Indian Territory.....until someone else wanted that too and we began the process of taking it away again and calling it Oklahoma.  So many stories.

But, let's begin.  I have collected so much about him and I do not see it readily available in other places.  I plan to publish the manuscript later this year if there is enough interest in a ebook or amazon printed option.

This is a transcription of a manuscript that is available at the Kansas Historical Museum Archives.  It was donated to the museum archives in 1968 by his daughter or possibly his granddaughter who were both named Mrs. Webster Knight.  Leona, his daughter, passed away in 1965. But Leona's son was named after his father's family line and so her daughter-in-law would also carry the name.

Nowhere in the bound copy of approximately 180 pages does it specifically state that Charles wrote this collection of stories himself.  The originals appear to have been typed on an early technology typewriter, then photocopied and bound into a red cloth cover book with gold lettering on the spine stating, "The Life of Charles Curtis".  The first few pages inside the book are an overview of Charles' life written by someone else - stating all the facts you normally read about him; his accomplishments, his family, a bit about his family of origin.

When I opened the book and read the first few paragraphs, I was sorely disappointed.  I thought I had located the collection of stories rumored to exist.  An autobiography that was never completed.  Instead, I was reading the same list of known facts that are available in nearly every history book that mentions him.  Only later, after going numb leafing through Charles' sister's many, many volumes of scrapbooks of every newspaper clipping ever mentioning Charles - I returned to the red book.  I decided to give it one last look before turning it back into the research desk.  I would open it to one random page and give him one more opportunity to reach out to me and speak.  And that's when it happened.  You see, after the forward -which most likely was written by one of his proud family members, there follows the stories I believe he wrote.  And this is how his story begins..............

Article No. I

In the years when the North American Indian ruled supreme over all of our country there lived west of the Mississippi two strong and powerful tribes of Indians: the Osages and the Kanza (Kansas or Kaw). These tribes had their enemies among the smaller tribes of the Plains but they were dominant over their respective domains until after the Louisiana Purchase by the United States and until the Government began making treaties with them for the relinquishment of their lands which they held by the right of occupancy. History does not tell us from whence they came but they were in possession and each claimed by the right of occupancy a vast domain which by means of many a hard fought battle with the other wild tribes of the Plains, they were able to retain.